The researchers intentionally separated those who do not want children - the child-free - from those who can't have children - the childless - and those who want children in the future, but haven't had them yet. To qualify as child-free, respondents had to answer "no" to all three of these questions.
- Do you have, or have you ever had, any biological or adopted children?
- Do you plan to have any biological or adopted children in the future?
- Do you wish you had or could have biological or adopted children?